- Thyroid disorders are conditions that affect the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck. The thyroid has important roles to regulate numerous metabolic processes throughout the body. Different types of thyroid disorders affect either its structure or function.
- The thyroid gland is located below Adam’s apple wrapped around the trachea (windpipe). A thin area of tissue in the gland’s middle, known as the isthmus, joins the two thyroid lobes on each side. The thyroid uses iodine to produce vital hormones. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is the primary hormone produced by the gland. After delivery via the bloodstream to the body’s tissues, a small portion of the T4 released from the gland is converted to triiodothyronine (T3), which is the most active hormone.
- The function of the thyroid gland is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the brain. When thyroid hormone levels are low, the hypothalamus in the brain produces a hormone known as thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) that causes the pituitary gland (located at the base of the brain) to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release more T4.
- Since the thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, disorders of these tissues can also affect thyroid function and cause thyroid problems.
Thyroid treatment typically depends on the type and severity of the disorder. Common treatments for thyroid conditions include medication, hormone therapy, dietary changes, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary.
Medication: Medication is the most common treatment for thyroid disorders. This may include taking thyroid hormone replacement therapy or antithyroid medication to help regulate hormone levels.
Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy may be recommended to help control hormone levels. This may involve supplementing with synthetic thyroid hormones or taking natural hormones, such as desiccated thyroid extract.
Dietary changes: Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables can help support thyroid health. In some cases, a doctor may recommend avoiding certain foods that may interfere with thyroid function, such as soy products and cruciferous vegetables. Lifestyle modifications: Stress can have a significant impact on thyroid health, so managing stress levels through relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation, can be beneficial. Regular exercise can also help keep hormones balanced.
Surgery: Surgery may be necessary in some cases, such as when the thyroid is producing too much or too little hormone or if cancer is present. Surgery can involve removing all